Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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A 5 page paper which provides an overview of various types of earthquakes. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAerqu.rtf
Paper Title: Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Earthquakes in New Jersey
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The possibility of earthquakes occurring in the New Jersey area is addressed in this 5 page paper. The history of quakes in the geographic location as well as a discussion on current seismologic theory is included. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Eqnj.wps
Paper Title: Earthquakes in New Jersey

Earthquakes In New York
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The possibility of a major earthquake occurring in the New York area is addressed in this 7 page paper. The history of quakes in the area as well as a discussion on fault lines existing in the state's region is examined. A general discussion on the ineffectiveness of current seismological equipment is also included. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Earthny.wps
Paper Title: Earthquakes In New York

Earthquakes: San Francisco and Others
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A 5 page paper which discusses various aspects of the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAsanfranqk.wps
Paper Title: Earthquakes: San Francisco and Others

Ecology of Ohio
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This 4 page paper paper examines some of the plants, animals and organisms found in the region. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: HVEcolOH.rtf
Paper Title: Ecology of Ohio

Ecology of the Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Islands
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This is an 8 page paper discussing the ecology of the Hawaiian coral reefs. The Hawaiian Islands stretch for over 2,300 kilometers and also contain what are considered unique coral reefs because they are geologically younger than many other coral reefs, have no barrier reefs among the windward islands, and are also less diverse than many other coral reef ecosystems in the Pacific. Despite this however, the Hawaiian coral reefs ecology, divided into four zones based on the depth and distance from the shore, does have a diverse assortment of corals, plant life, invertebrates and fishes among larger species which live among the reefs. The ecology of the coral reefs in Hawaii is divided up into the reef flat zone (0-2 m from shore) which is most affected by terrestrial run-off and heavy wave impact; the reef bench zone (2-10 m) which has the largest diversity of coral, fish, invertebrate and plant species, the reef slope zone (10-30 m) in which finger coral is the dominant coral species; and the rubble zone (30-40 m) which is primarily coral fragments, rock and sand which provides a habitat for lobe and finger corals as well as sea cucumbers and an assortment of fish. Coral reefs in Hawaii provide a vast amount of revenue for the area at well over $250 million annually in the areas of commercial and recreational fishing and tourism. Like many of the coral reefs around the world however, the coral reefs in Hawaii are being damaged by a combination of natural and manmade events. Industrial, nutrient and fresh-water run-off kills the coral closest to the shore and allows for the spread of coral-killing algae after which recovery of the reef takes a great deal of time. In addition, increase in global water temperatures has led to coral bleaching which in some areas the reefs show little sign of recovery. Includes one page abstract. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJHwcor1.rtf
Paper Title: Ecology of the Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Islands

Ecosystems: North and South.
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(5 pp). As we move into a new century we become more aware of how hard we were on the planet in the last one hundred years. This discussion examines the general criteria of an ecosystem, and then illustrates what an ecosystem is be describing one on a north facing slope and one on a south facing slope. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: BBecoNS.doc
Paper Title: Ecosystems: North and South.

EL NINO AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
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This 5-page papers examines the El Nino event of 1997-1998, its causes and its impact on the environment.
Filename: MTelnino.rtf
Paper Title: EL NINO AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

EL NINO AND THE IMPACT ON HURRICANES
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This 5-page paper discusses El Nino and its potential impact on hurricanes and hurricane development. Also included is a discussion about El Nino's economic impact. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MTelnhur.rtf
Paper Title: EL NINO AND THE IMPACT ON HURRICANES

Environmental Ethics
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7 pages. This research paper is a defense of the following thesis statement: J. Baird Callicott is correct to suggest that a significant moral distinction should be drawn between wild and domestic animals. This paper defends three of the author's arguments that support his thesis. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAeethc.rtf
Paper Title: Environmental Ethics

Environmental Sciences
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A 9 page paper that discusses various aspects of environment sciences. Some of the history is discussed in relationship to research conducted long ago and academic history that has assisted in bringing the sciences closer together. A section discussing some of the more recent concerns is also included. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: RAecology.wps
Paper Title: Environmental Sciences

Expansion of the Universe and Type Ia Supernovae
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This 5 page report discusses expansion of the universe and the impact of evidence presented through the analysis of an astronomical event has served, once again, to challenge the ways in which human beings understand the universe of which they are a part. Scientific evidence of the past several years have lead astronomers and other scientists to understand that the expansion of the universe is taking place at an ever-accelerating speed. Such a conclusion has been reached through the observation of Type Ia or, specifically, Type 1987a Supernova. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BWspnova.wps
Paper Title: Expansion of the Universe and Type Ia Supernovae

Extra-Solar Planets
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A 12 page overview of extra-solar planets, those planets outside our own solar system which orbit around suns other than our Sun. Discusses the history of extra-solar planetary research providing the names and particulars of discoveries. Emphasizes the technological changes which are occurring which allow a constant refinement of astronomical theory regarding planet formation and behavior. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPastExP.wps
Paper Title: Extra-Solar Planets

Family Interaction in Crises Related to Natural Disasters
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This 5 page report discusses family interactions and what takes place in family relationships when a natural disaster such as an earthquake occurs. Because the family is thought of as the basic unit of society and is acknowledged for the essential socio-economic functions that it performs, its place in dealing with the impact of a natural disaster such as an earthquake must be carefully considered. Family dynamics shift and a new set of coping skills replace them. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: BWearthq.wps
Paper Title: Family Interaction in Crises Related to Natural Disasters

FAMOUS NAMES IN ASTRONOMY/ MODERN ERA
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This 3 page paper gives an overview of Dr. Stephen Hawking, and Dr. Henry Norris Russell, two astronomers who have made significant contributions to their field in the modern era. Bibliographpy lists 2 sources.
Filename: MBastron.rtf
Paper Title: FAMOUS NAMES IN ASTRONOMY/ MODERN ERA

Fertilizing Woody Ornamentals
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This 5 page paper discusses fall fertilization programs for trees, shrubs and vines defined as woody ornamentals. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KTwdshrb.wps
Paper Title: Fertilizing Woody Ornamentals

Fictitious Archaeological Dig
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11 pages in length. The architectural layout and planning of this particular site reflects a decidedly communicative ideology, in that it represents the very cultural essence of its people. Embedded within this written ideology of the ruined city's structure is the greater conceptualization of education and expression. Without question, these interrelated aspects of communication appeared to be the cornerstone of this community's existence, indicating the very reason for its construction. In spite of the fact that the remains do no yield an interpretation of daily life, archaeologists have been able to gather enough information so as to understand the complexities surrounding a collection of semi-preserved writing implements located in the northeast corner. Regarding the social implications of such findings, researchers have found enough evidence to indicate that this site was a learning institution of some sort. Indeed, as many questions as these findings have been successful in addressing, there are many more left unanswered. It can readily be argued that the true and pointed intent of these educational and communicative remains indicate an extended grasp of language and expression. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLCarcdg.wps
Paper Title: Fictitious Archaeological Dig

Fluid Dynamics / Pipe Flows :
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A 5 page paper discussing the basic aspects of laminar and turbulent pipe flows as related to fluid movement through channels. For all the diversity in mechanical and industrial systems in operation and in design phase today, they all have in common the incorporation of some application of fluid dynamics within them. Liquids and gases move according to the same fundamental principles, differing only in movement as affected by density, viscosity and chemical composition. The paper discusses boundary, stationary layer, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Pipeflow.wps
Paper Title: Fluid Dynamics / Pipe Flows :

Fossils/Burgess Shale
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A 7 page research paper that examines the fascinating fossil record that was found in the Burgess Shale. Because the Burgess Shale fossils contain examples of soft-bodied animals, which is very rare, these fossils have been called a "window to the Cambrian period" of prehistory. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: 99shale.wps
Paper Title: Fossils/Burgess Shale

Fred Hoyle's Contributions to Astronomy
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6 pages. It seems most of the scientific community has accepted the Big Bang Theory as the creation of the universe, but since that time Hoyle has always refused to follow that line, arguing that the Big Bang has not lived up to its early promise, and that his revised Steady State theory, that the universe has always existed, better fits the facts. This paper discusses the accomplishments and contributions to astronomy made by Fred Hoyle. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAhoyle.wps
Paper Title: Fred Hoyle's Contributions to Astronomy

Gemstone Enhancement
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A 5 page overview of the technologies and methodologies involved in the artificial enhancement of gemstones. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Gemstone.wps
Paper Title: Gemstone Enhancement

Geographic Information Systems: Trail Placement In Forested Recreation Areas
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6 pages in length. The technological explosion of the latter twentieth century has rendered tremendous advancement in areas that were considered untouchable only a few decades ago. Clearly, the progress that has been achieved through technology is nothing short of astounding, inasmuch as there is no telling what may be waiting just around the next corner. One of the most beneficial technological developments that has been instrumental in assessing and addressing forestry issues is that of the Geographic Information System (GIS), an assemblage of computer hardware, software and geographic data created as a means by which to efficiently retrieve, store, renew, manipulate, scrutinize and display all types of geographically referenced information. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TLC_GIS.wps
Paper Title: Geographic Information Systems: Trail Placement In Forested Recreation Areas

Geographic Perspective on International Relations
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This 7 page paper discusses the impact of geography on international relations. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: HVGeoIR.rtf
Paper Title: Geographic Perspective on International Relations

Geographical Theories And Concepts
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9 pages in length. Understanding the spatial components of planet Earth encompasses myriad fields of knowledge; centuries' worth of study has provided the twenty-first century scientific community with the extensive scope it possesses. One of the most important fields from which this knowledge was gleaned is that of geography, a particular science that addresses everything associated with the earth's surface. Working upon the fundamental basis developed by researchers hundreds of years ago, contemporary geographical analysts have the benefits of knowing the planet's how's and why's as it relates to the developed world. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCGeoGl.rtf
Paper Title: Geographical Theories And Concepts

Geologic Theories
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A 5 page comparison of the theories of catastrophism, neptunism, uniformitarianism and plutonism or volcanism. Describes the contentions of each and concludes that contemporary thought recognizes a combination of Neo-Catastrophism and uniformitarianism as being the most logical explanation of the forces which shaped the earth. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPgeoFrm.wps
Paper Title: Geologic Theories

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